ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs) before and during the second wave of COVID-19 in India. The results indicate that the NO2 columns increase significantly in the reopening period before the second wave (Mar. 1 ∼ Apr. 20) in 2021, which exceed the levels of the same period in 2019. The relative difference from the mean of 2010–2019 is 18.76% higher in 2021 than that of 2019, during the reopening. The paper identifies Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal as the five states with the largest increases in relative difference from 2019 to 2021, which are 33.81%, 29.83%, 23.86%, 30.01%, and 25.48% respectively. As illustrated by trends in the indices of industrial production (IIP), these unexpected increases in tropospheric NO2 can be attributed to reopening as well as elevated production across various sectors including electricity, manufacturing and mining. Analysis of NO2 TVCD levels alongside IIPs indicate a marked increase in industrial activity during the reopening period in 2021 than in the same time period in 2019. After the beginning of the second wave of COVID-19 (Apr. 21 ∼ Jun. 21), India re-implemented lockdown policies to mitigate the spread of the pandemic. During this period, the relative difference of total NO2 columns declined in India as well as in most individual study regions, when compared to 2019, due to the pandemic mitigation policies. The relative declines are as follows: 6.43% for the whole country and 14.25%, 22.88%, 4.57% and 7.89% for Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhan, respectively, which contain large industrial clusters. The change in relative difference in West Bengal from 2019 to 2021 is not significant during the re-lockdown period with a 0.04% increase. As with the first wave, these decreases in NO2 TVCD mainly due to the mitigation policies during the second wave. Copyright © 2022 Liu, Srirenganathanmalarvizhi, Howell and Yang.